Editing Calcium
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* '''Improved protein coagulation''' - Calcium promotes protein coagulation during [[mashing]] and [[boiling]], which leads to faster [[lautering]], formation of a good hot break ([[trub]]), and improved beer clarification.<ref name=eumsch/><ref name=water/><ref name=bsp/><ref name=hob/><ref name=fix/> | * '''Improved protein coagulation''' - Calcium promotes protein coagulation during [[mashing]] and [[boiling]], which leads to faster [[lautering]], formation of a good hot break ([[trub]]), and improved beer clarification.<ref name=eumsch/><ref name=water/><ref name=bsp/><ref name=hob/><ref name=fix/> | ||
* '''Lowered oxalate''' - Calcium combines with [[oxalic acid]] to precipitate as calcium oxalate, thereby avoiding problems such as [[gushing]], [[beer stone]], and oxalate [[haze]].<ref name=bmp5/><ref name=mashing/><ref name=water/><ref name=bsp/><ref name=smart1/><ref name=eumsch/> Oxalic acid removal is also beneficial for individuals with a predisposition for kidney stones. | * '''Lowered oxalate''' - Calcium combines with [[oxalic acid]] to precipitate as calcium oxalate, thereby avoiding problems such as [[gushing]], [[beer stone]], and oxalate [[haze]].<ref name=bmp5/><ref name=mashing/><ref name=water/><ref name=bsp/><ref name=smart1/><ref name=eumsch/> Oxalic acid removal is also beneficial for individuals with a predisposition for kidney stones. | ||
* '''Fermentation performance''' - Calcium helps to protect [[yeast]] cells against the toxic effects of [[ethanol]], particularly when [[high gravity brewing]].<ref name=gib125/> This can lead to improved [[sugars and dextrins|sugar]] utilization and ethanol production in high gravity wort.<ref name=gib125/> Calcium can also sometimes help with [[yeast]] growth and metabolism in standard gravity wort.<ref name=water/><ref name=hob/><ref name=gib125/><ref>Evans DE, Goldsmith M, Dambergs R, Nischwitz R. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Evan-Evans/publication/277808631_A_Comprehensive_Revaluation_of_Small-Scale_Congress_Mash_Protocol_Parameters_for_Determining_Extract_and_Fermentability/links/578ebce408aecbca4caad696/A-Comprehensive-Revaluation-of-Small-Scale-Congress-Mash-Protocol-Parameters-for-Determining-Extract-and-Fermentability.pdf A comprehensive revaluation of small-scale congress mash protocol parameters for determining extract and fermentability.] ''J Am Soc Brew Chem.'' 2011;69(1):13–27.</ref> In | * '''Fermentation performance''' - Calcium helps to protect [[yeast]] cells against the toxic effects of [[ethanol]], particularly when [[high gravity brewing]].<ref name=gib125/> This can lead to improved [[sugars and dextrins|sugar]] utilization and ethanol production in high gravity wort.<ref name=gib125/> Calcium can also sometimes help with [[yeast]] growth and metabolism in standard gravity wort.<ref name=water/><ref name=hob/><ref name=gib125/><ref>Evans DE, Goldsmith M, Dambergs R, Nischwitz R. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Evan-Evans/publication/277808631_A_Comprehensive_Revaluation_of_Small-Scale_Congress_Mash_Protocol_Parameters_for_Determining_Extract_and_Fermentability/links/578ebce408aecbca4caad696/A-Comprehensive-Revaluation-of-Small-Scale-Congress-Mash-Protocol-Parameters-for-Determining-Extract-and-Fermentability.pdf A comprehensive revaluation of small-scale congress mash protocol parameters for determining extract and fermentability.] ''J Am Soc Brew Chem.'' 2011;69(1):13–27.</ref> In most cases however, higher levels of calcium actually decrease fermentation performance due to the reduced ability of the yeast to uptake [[magnesium]].<ref name=walbir>Walker GM, Birch RM, Chandrasena G, Maynard AI. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1094/ASBCJ-54-0013 Magnesium, calcium, and fermentative metabolism in industrial yeasts.] ''J Am Soc Brew Chem.'' 1996;54(1):13–18.</ref> | ||
* '''Improved yeast flocculation''' - Calcium promotes yeast [[flocculation]], leading to improved clarity.<ref name=mashing/><ref name=whiyea>White C. [https://www.jstrack.org/brewing/Yeast_nutrition_article.pdf Yeast nutrients make fermentations better.] White Labs. Accessed 2020.</ref><ref name=water/><ref name=bsp/><ref name=smart1/><ref name=fix/><ref name=hob/> | * '''Improved yeast flocculation''' - Calcium promotes yeast [[flocculation]], leading to improved clarity.<ref name=mashing/><ref name=whiyea>White C. [https://www.jstrack.org/brewing/Yeast_nutrition_article.pdf Yeast nutrients make fermentations better.] White Labs. Accessed 2020.</ref><ref name=water/><ref name=bsp/><ref name=smart1/><ref name=fix/><ref name=hob/> | ||